Western Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences
Western Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (WJMBS) is the official journal of University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Ondo-city, Ondo State Nigeria. WJMBS is a quarterly double-blind, peer-reviewed, online and print institutional journal. The journal invites high quality or cutting-edge research works from all fields of medical and biomedical sciences for publication consideration. The journal publishes quarterly in March, June, September, and December. The editorial board ensures that accepted articles are published within three months from the date of initial manuscript submission.
Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi
Birth preparedness and complication readiness is a universal plan for decreasing maternal mortality. It is an intervention included by the World Health Organisation as an important component of the antenatal care package. It aims to prevent unfavorable pregnancy outcomes through timely access to skilled maternal and neonatal services. This study aimed to assess birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Benue State. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 354 pregnant women who were systematically selected. They were given a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and was presented in tables. The majority of the participants were within the age group of 25-29 years. The participants had a good knowledge of 77.4%, with most of them moderately prepared (58.2%). The proportion of women who had primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education with good knowledge was 0.8%, 18.5%, and 78.0%, respectively.Factors such as husband's involvement, level of education (mostly tertiary), and good knowledge of danger signs contributed to the good knowledge of BPCR. Most pregnant women made adequate preparations, anticipating a safe delivery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Western Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences
Biochemical and Metabolic Profiles in Gad-Positive Versus Gad-Negative Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Benin City, Nigeria
The autoimmune subtype of diabetes in adults, characterized by the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD- 65) autoantibodies, may present with a distinct biochemical and metabolic phenotype compared to classical type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data from sub-Saharan Africa on the metabolic correlates of GAD positivity remain limited. This study compared biochemical and metabolic profiles, including glycemic control, lipid parameters, C-peptide levels, and microalbuminuria, between GAD-positive and GAD-negative patients with apparent T2DM attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 240 consecutively recruited T2DM patients. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for GAD-65 autoantibodies, C-peptide, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and a full lipid profile. GAD positivity was defined as a titer of 0.62 ng/ml or above. Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square tests were used for comparisons; a p value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. Of 240 patients, 67 (27.9%) were GAD-positive. GAD-positive patients had significantly lower median C-peptide (0.40 IQR 0.80 ng/ml vs. 0.60 IQR 1.00 ng/ml, p=0.050) and a higher prevalence of insulinopenia (35.8% vs. 23.7%). Mean serum triglycerides were significantly lower in GAD-positive patients (143.00 vs. 188.95 mg/dl, p=0.025). No significant differences were found in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, other lipid fractions, or microalbuminuria. GAD-positive T2DM patients demonstrated greater beta-cell dysfunction and lower triglyceride levels, consistent with an autoimmune diabetic phenotype. Routine GAD antibody and C-peptide screening is recommended for T2DM patients in Nigeria.
Knowledge, Attitudes, And Antibiotic Use Practices for Skin Infections Among Undergraduate Students in Delta State, Nigeria: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship
Skin infections are of a significant health concern in communal student environments and are increasingly associated with irrational antibiotic use. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and antibiotic use practices regarding skin infections among tertiary institution students in Delta State, Nigeria, to identify drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A descriptive cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted among 423 undergraduate students across five tertiary institutions during the 2025/2026 academic session. Participants were selected via a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a validated electronic structured questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82) and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at p < 0.05.A majority of respondents (78.5%) reported previous skin infections, primarily acne (59.0%) and boils (41.3%). Although 68.1% had used antibiotics for treatment, only 32.4% demonstrated good knowledge. Inappropriate attitudes towards rational antibiotic use were prevalent (51.1%), with 61.0% admitting to treatment cessation upon symptom resolution. Inappropriate practices were observed in 61.9% of the cohort; specifically, 65.5% engaged in self-medication and 65.2% accessed antibiotics from pharmacies without a prescription. Significant statistical associations were established between practice scores and both knowledge (χ² = 38.4, p < 0.001) and attitudes (χ² = 31.2, p < 0.001). Deficiencies in antimicrobial literacy and permissive attitudes toward self- medication substantially influence irrational antibiotic consumption in this population. The findings underscore an urgent need for targeted antimicrobial stewardship programmes and stricter regulatory enforcement of prescription-only medicine sales to mitigate the escalating threat of AMR.
Menstrual Characteristics of Sickle Cell Anaemia Patients of Reproductive Age in North West of Nigeria
Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is an inherited autosomal recessive haemolytic anaemia with clinical manifestations of chronic anaemia, haemolysis and vasculopathy. Nigeria is believed to be the most sickle cell anaemia endemic country in sub-Saharan Africa with 2% - 3% of the total population affected. Adolescent girls living with sickle cell anaemia face unique gynecological challenges including delayed puberty marked by a later onset in menarche when compared to adolescent girls without sickle cell anaemia. Vaso-occlusive pain associated with menstrual cycle and abnormal uterine bleeding. This was a cross-sectional comparative study involving SCA and normal women of child bearing age. Following the acquisition of Institutional ethical clearance, a total of 90 respondents (60 HbSS, 30 Hb AA) who were within the reproductive age group were enrolled for this study. Participants were enrolled from the Sickle Cell Clinic and Antenatal Clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) Zaria. Data on socio-demographics, age at menarche, menstrual cycle (regular vs irregular) and menstrual flow (normal, light and heavy) were collated. The mean±SD ages of the HbSS and HbAA respondents were 26.4±7.5 and 25.6±5.5 years respectively. The HbSS participants had statistically significantly higher ages at menarche compared to the HbAA respondents: (15.6±1.3years versus 14.7±1.6years). The relationship between study group (HbSS vs HbAA) and menstrual cycle (regular vs irregular) was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant relationship between study group (HbSS vs HbAA) and menstrual flow (normal, light, and heavy): (X2=17.980, df=2, p=0.0001).
Managing Acute Coronary Syndrome Amidst Resource Constraints: A Nigerian Case Report
Acute coronary syndrome is a cardiovascular disease that is now becoming common in developing countries as a result of the adoption of a westernized lifestyle, high prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. The diagnosis and management are challenging in low-resource countries such as Nigeria due to late presentation, diagnostic challenges, and financial constraints. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman, a known patient with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, who presented with a 5-day history of central crushing chest pain, with associated diaphoresis, vomiting, and preceding easy fatigability. An electrocardiogram (ECG) done at presentation showed widespread myocardial ischaemia, and troponin I was markedly elevated. The coronary computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography done showed near total occlusion of the proximal portion of the left anterior descending artery. A diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome was made. She was counselled for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but she could not afford it. Guideline-directed medical therapy was initiated, and only two serial electrocardiograms were done. Due to financial constraints, there was a delay in getting a CT coronary angiography, inability to do serial ECG and cardiac enzyme monitoring and inability to have PCI, which is the definitive treatment of her condition. She improved with medical therapy only and was subsequently discharged.
Duplex Sonographic Protocol for establishment of reference luminal diameters and intima-media thickness of Carotid Arteries in a West African Population
Duplex sonography is the primary imaging modality for carotid artery disease, but its accuracy depends on a standardized protocol and population-specific reference values, which are lacking for West Africa. We describe a detailed sonographic protocol applied to a cohort of 104 healthy Nigerian adults. Using a 7.0 MHz linear transducer, the luminal diameters of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries were measured in end-diastole, 1 cm from the bifurcation. The study presents a step-by-step imaging protocol that is feasible in a resource-limited setting. The resulting reference ranges for carotid luminal diameters are: Common Carotid Artery: 0.45-0.76 cm, Internal Carotid Artery: 0.44-0.75 cm, and External Carotid Artery: 0.30-0.67 cm. These values were consistent across sexes and sides. We provide a standardized, reproducible duplex sonography protocol and the first set of normative reference values for carotid luminal diameters in a West African population. This resource will aid sonographers and clinicians in improving the accuracy and reliability of carotid ultrasound examinations in the region.
Cephalometric Findings In Pre-Treatment Orthodontic Patients In A Teaching Hospital
The lateral cephalometric radiograph is a standard component of clinical records taken for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Cephalometric analyses were developed to characterize a patient's dental and skeletal relationships relative to population norms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lateral cephalometric radiographs of pre-treatment adult orthodontic patients of Nigerian origin and compare the findings to normal cephalometric values of healthy Nigerians. This cross-sectional study was carried out at the orthodontic unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital after obtaining clearance from the Research and Ethics Committee of the Hospital. The lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to assess the skeletal patterns of each patient using Steiner's analysis. Data was computed and analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0 software. Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis to determine the variables (frequencies, percentages and means). Differences between variables were evaluated with Chi-square test. P values at <0.05 were set as significant. Eighty (80) pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients of Nigerian origin at the orthodontic unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were evaluated. 31(38.8 %) of the study population were males, while 49 (61.2 %) were females. Skeletal II constituted majority of the subjects, 48 (60.0 %) while Skeletal I was 22 (27.5 %) and Skeletal III was 10 (12.5 %). More females had Skeletal Class II jaw relationship. This study recorded higher Skeletal Class II jaw relationship among the study population, and more females recorded Class II Skeletal, base relationship.
Assessment of Perceived Stress level among undergraduates in a Nigerian University and its relationship with academic performance, Depression, Anxiety and Suicidal Behavior
Stress fundamentally shapes the academic outcomes and psychological well-being of undergraduates, yet empirical data regarding its relationship with anxiety, depression, and suicidal behavior among Nigerian university students remains sparse. To address this gap, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess perceived stress levels and evaluate these psychological connections among 500 undergraduates at Osun State University in Osogbo, Nigeria. Participants were selected via stratified random sampling, and data were gathered using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were executed using SPSS version 21 with significance set at p < 0.05. The findings revealed that 69.9% of the students experienced moderate to high stress. Furthermore, 59.8% exhibited abnormal depressive symptoms, 9.9% suffered from clinically significant anxiety, and 17.7% reported strong suicidal tendencies. Perceived stress was significantly associated with gender and academic achievement (p = 0.011), with higher stress levels disproportionately affecting females (91.1%) and students maintaining lower CGPAs between 2.0 and 2.99 (100%). Elevated stress displayed a positive correlation with depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior (p < 0.001). Logistic regression models demonstrated that being male reduced the likelihood of experiencing high stress (OR= 0.012; 95% CI: 0.003–0.041), whereas enrollment in health-related courses (OR = 31.317; 95% CI: 9.119–107.552) and younger age (OR = 0.884; 95% CI: 0.788–0.991) emerged as significant predictors of heightened stress. Ultimately, a substantial proportion of these undergraduates experience severe stress that is intimately linked to depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, highlighting an urgent need for tailored, gender- responsive, and faculty-specific mental health interventions.
Antibiotic Resistant Patterns of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Clinical Samples in a Nigerian Private Tertiary Medical Centre
Enterococci cause serious nosocomial infections which are characteristically associated with high mortality rates and treatment challenges because the bacteria are not only innately resistant to some antibiotics but also possess the ability to develop acquired resistance to virtually all clinically beneficial antimicrobial agents. This study was carried out to determine the antibiotics resistant patterns among isolates of Enterococci from clinical samples so as to provide knowledge that will inform the appropriate antimicrobial choice for its infections in this setting. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study conducted over a period of 18 months (February 2024 – August 2025) at the medical microbiology laboratory of Nisa Premiers Hospital. Laboratory records of all Enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens submitted for culture as well as their susceptibility rates to variously tested antibiotics were extracted, reviewed and analyzed., Specimen culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of isolates were performed following standard microbiological methods. Forty-one (41) isolates of Enterococci were recovered from the various clinical samples processed. Thirty-five (85.4%) of all the isolates were Enterococcus faecalis, while 6 (14.6%) were Enterococcus faecium. Enterococci were most frequently isolated from urine 36 (87.8%). The prevalence rate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) was 27.5%. Enterococcus was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (85.7%) and doxycycline (57.9%), relatively highly resistant to linezolid (25%), but displayed the least resistance to nitrofurantoin (18.7%). In conclusion, the most frequent enterococcal infection was UTI, and Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequent species causing infections in this study. There were relatively high prevalence rates of both VRE and Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus. There is, therefore, a need for strengthening of antimicrobial stewardship program, implementation of infection control measures and routine surveillance in order to reduce the emergence of resistant strain and control its spread.
Copyright (c) 2025 Western Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences
Prevalence and Patterns of Domestic Violence Among Women in a Rural and Urban Area of Kwara State, Nigeria
Domestic violence (DV) is of a major Public health and human rights concern. It is perpetrated by intimate partners and manifests through physical, sexual and psychological abuse and has many adverse health consequences. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the prevalence and patterns of domestic violence among women in rural and urban communities. This study employed a comparative cross-sectional study with a mixed data collection method of QUANT/qual type. In the study, 518 participants comprising 259 rural and 259 urban women, were recruited using a multi-stage sampling technique. The revised tactics short form was used to assess domestic violence among the women. Quantitative data was analysed using the IBM/SPSS version 24, while the qualitative data from the In-depth interviews and Key Informant Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim, coded and analysed using ATLAS.ti. Data was summarized using proportions, percentages and standard deviations as appropriate. The chi square test was used to compare proportions and the association between categorical data. A significant level was set as p-value of <0.05 at a 95% confidence level. The prevalence of domestic violence was higher in the rural communities 57.5%, than in the urban communities, 45.9%. More women in the rural communities experienced physical violence in the form of beating 98.0% than their urban counterparts 97.5%. On the contrary, fewer respondents in the rural communities experienced sexual violence in the form of forced sex 29.5% and forced caress and romance, 24.8%, while in the urban communities, 39.5% and 32.8% experienced forced sex and romance, respectively. In addition, respondents in the rural communities experienced psychological violence in the form of their partners not allowing them to visit their family members 12.8%, and humiliation before their friends 17.4% which was less than the experience of their counterparts in the urban communities which was 14.3% and 21.8% respectively. The study showed higher prevalence of domestic violence in the rural communities than in the urban communities. The patterns of domestic violence assessed were physical, sexual and psychological violence. To tackle the issue of domestic violence, Continuous sensitization and awareness should be carried out in both rural and urban communities in Kwara state to enlighten people about the dangers of domestic violence. Government should empower women, provide jobs for them and provide shelters for the victims and funds to set them up; this will encourage those whose lives are being threatened to leave.
Comparative Analysis of Serum Lipid Profiles Among Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients in Kaduna State, Northwest,Nigeria: A Retrospective Study
The serum lipid profile is a key biochemical parameter that serves as a marker for predicting adverse cardiovascular events. This study aims to analyze and compare the serum lipid profiles among hypertensive and diabetic patients. The serum lipid profiles of 172 hypertensive and 142 diabetic patients, seen over a four-year period (2019 – 2022), were retrieved from the electronic database of the Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna. The percentages of patients with abnormal lipid values were calculated for various lipids in both groups. T-test was used to compare the mean lipid values between the two groups. Among hypertensive patients, the percentages of abnormal lipid values were as follows: HDL (16.0%), LDL (25.6%), total cholesterol (31.8%), and triglycerides (14.0%), with 5.8% having both elevated cholesterol and triglycerides. In the diabetic group, the percentages were: HDL (22.4%), LDL (16.9%), total cholesterol (30.1%), and triglycerides (13.8%), with 7.3% having both elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides. The mean lipid values for hypertensive versus diabetic patients were compared as follows: HDL (1.3±0.8 vs 1.2±0.3, t=1.737, p=0.08), LDL (3.3±1.0 vs 3.1±1.1, t=2.170, p=0.03), total cholesterol (5.3±1.2 vs 5.2±1.7, t=0.598, p=0.55), and triglycerides (1.6±1.0 vs 1.6±0.6, t=0.389, p=0.70).The predominant lipid abnormality among both hypertensive and diabetic patients was hypercholesterolaemia. Hypertensive patients had significantly higher LDL levels compared to diabetic patients.
Perinatal Outcomes Among Booked and Unbooked Mothers: A Comparative Analysis from a Teaching Hospital in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
Perinatal morbidity and mortality remain high in many low-resource settings, particularly among women without antenatal care. Understanding the impact of booking status on perinatal outcomes is crucial for improving feto-maternal health indices. We compared perinatal outcomes between booked and unbooked mothers who delivered at the Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH). This was a retrospective comparative study that reviewed the case files of mothers who delivered at DELSUTH. Socio-demographic, obstetric, and perinatal data were extracted. Chi- square tests evaluated group differences, while logistic regression identified independent predictors of perinatal outcomes. Perinatal mortality rate (PMR) was calculated using stillbirths and early neonatal deaths per 1000 live births. Booked mothers were significantly younger, more educated, and most resided in urban areas (p < 0.05). Unbooked women had higher rates of labour complications. Unbooked mothers also recorded higher rates of stillbirth (8.5% vs. 2.2%), neonatal asphyxia (27.1% vs. 6.9%), NICU admission (30.5% vs. 11.2%), and early neonatal death (5.1% vs. 0.9%) (all p < 0.01). PMR was statistically significantly higher among unbooked mothers (148.1 vs. 30.9 per 1000 live births). Unbooked status was a strong independent predictor of adverse perinatal outcome (AOR = 8.12; 95% CI: 3.04–21.67) and Emergency caesarean section and assisted vaginal delivery also significantly increased risk. Unbooked pregnancies are associated with poorer perinatal outcomes, emphasizing the vital importance of improved antenatal care in our setting. Strengthening community awareness, improving access to care, and promoting early booking are essential in reducing adverse perinatal outcomes in the region.
Determinants of Self Breast Examination Among Students of College of Nursing, Bida, Nigeria
Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a cost-effective method for breast cancer prevention. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to identify factors influencing BSE practices among 215 nursing students at the Nursing School, Bida, selected via multi-stage sampling. Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results showed that 54.2% had good knowledge, 63.0% had a positive attitude, and 85.9% demonstrated good practice of BSE. Year of study and ethnicity were statistically associated with practice (p<0.05). The findings highlight a strong practical uptake despite moderate knowledge, underscoring the need for intensified awareness campaigns to promote early adoption of BSE, thereby facilitating early detection and prompt treatment of breast cancer.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Postpartum Mothers in A Community in Kwara State, Nigeria
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the gold standard of infant feeding practice, which has been shown to contribute significantly to the realization of some of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This study aims to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with EBF among postpartum mothers in Offa Local Government, Kwara State. A cross-sectional study design using a multi-staged sampling technique was used to select 251 mothers of infants aged 6-9 months who came for child immunization in Primary Health Care centres within Offa Local Government Area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was analysed using SPSS version 21. Chi-square was used to test for the association between sociodemographic characteristics and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among respondents. P-value was set at ≤0.05. Half (50.2%) of the mothers had a good knowledge score regarding EBF, with healthcare workers (79.8%) as the major source of information. A little above average respondents (58.7%) had a poor attitude towards EBF, and about two-fifths of respondents (59.7%) were actually practicing EBF. There was a statistically significant association between knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and its actual practice (P 0.001). Socio-cultural correlates associated with exclusive breastfeeding were tribe, religion, educational status, marital status, and occupation. This study has revealed that a mother's ability to practice exclusive breastfeeding is not solely an individual choice but is significantly influenced by key sociocultural and economic factors. Specifically, occupational demands, tribal norms, and marital structures were found to be critical determinants, highlighting that breastfeeding practices are deeply embedded within a woman's broader life context. These findings underscore the necessity of moving beyond generic educational messages to develop targeted, culturally sensitive support systems. By enacting policies that create breastfeeding-friendly workplaces, the government can empower working mothers, improve child health, and build a more productive and family inclusive workforce.
Advances in Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review
Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy and a leading cause of cancer mortality among women globally, with rising incidence across sub-Saharan Africa. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving outcomes, yet access to advanced diagnostic tools remains uneven. This review synthesizes recent advances in breast cancer diagnostic modalities, emphasizing innovations from 2020–2025 and their potential application in low- and middle- income settings. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for recent studies on imaging, molecular diagnostics, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence in breast cancer detection and characterization. Emphasis was placed on comparative findings from global, regional (sub-Saharan African), and Nigerian studies. Emerging diagnostic tools such as digital mammography, contrast-enhanced MRI, elastography, and AI-assisted imaging have significantly improved sensitivity and specificity. Molecular biomarkers and liquid biopsy technologies, including circulating tumor DNA and exosomal assays, are enhancing early detection, disease monitoring, and treatment stratification. Hybrid diagnostic pathways integrating imaging and molecular data show promise for personalized, minimally invasive diagnostics. Modern advances are revolutionizing breast cancer diagnosis, but regional disparities persist. Strengthening infrastructure, capacity building, and the integration of hybrid diagnostic approaches are essential to achieve equitable breast cancer detection and management, particularly in resource-limited regions.
Assessment of Knowledge and Extent of Utilization of Antenatal Care Services among Pregnant Women in Rural Communities in Benue State
In sub-Saharan Africa, maternal mortality is a major public health problem where more than half of the world's maternal deaths occur due to preventable causes. These causes of maternal deaths are diagnosed and treated when pregnant women have good antenatal care (ANC) knowledge and consistently attend ANC. This study aimed to assess the effect of health talk in promoting antenatal care attendance among pregnant women in rural communities. The study was a community based quasi-experimental study carried out in twelve rural communities in Benue state among pregnant women using multistage sampling technique. Participants who had ≥4 ANC contacts were 4.2 times more likely to have good knowledge of ANC than those with less visits in the study group (OR 4.2; CI 1.29-14.12). In the control group, women who had ≥4 ANC contacts were 15.8 times more likely to have good knowledge of ANC (OR 15.8; CI 1.14- 181.13). Women who had formal education were 3.1 times more likely to utilize ANC than those without formal education (OR 3.12; CI 1.42-6.84). Also, women who were ≥25 years were 2.6 times more likely to utilize ANC than those <25 years (OR 2.65; CI 1.12-5.58). The study reveals that women who had four or more ANC attendance were 16 times more likely to have good knowledge of ANC (OR 15.5; CI 1.34-181.93).
Assessment of Self-Medication With Analgesics Among Farmers:A Community Survey in North-Western Nigeria
Self-medication has emerged as a growing public health concern, particularly with the use of analgesics for both medical and non-medical purposes; this trend is exacerbated by the widespread availability of a broad range of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. As their use becomes more pervasive, the incidence of associated adverse effects continues to rise. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of analgesic use and related side effects among farmers in the community. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 139 respondents aged 17 to 70 years, recruited through a multi-staged sampling technique was carried out. A semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect relevant demographic and analgesic use history, data was cleaned, entered and analysed using SPSS version 25. Univariate variables were summarised and presented as proportions and percentages on tables, while Chi square test of association and other appropriate tests were done for bivariate variables and those found with p<0.05 were taken to be significant. All respondents were male, with 39.6% aged between 17 and 24 years, and a mean age of 30.72 ± 2 standard deviations. The majority (93.5%) identified as Hausa, and 99.3% practiced Islam. However, only 39.3% had attained secondary education. The prevalence of current use of analgesic amongst farmers in the community was found to be (59.7%) with Paracetamol as the most used analgesic (81.3%). Others include diclofenac (67.6%) aspirin (51%), really extra (47.9%), tramadol (42.2%) and codeine (33.5%), Additionally, majority (74.8%) of respondents reported engaging in self-medication by acquiring analgesics directly over the counter (OTC) without prescription from medical personnel. The Knowledge of side effects of analgesics use was found to be poor amongst 97.8% of the respondents. Statistically significant association was found between Knowledge of side effect and level of education of respondents (p=0.025). The prevalence of analgesic use among farmers in the Community was found to be high with corresponding low Knowledge of side effects of use of analgesics. The commonly used analgesics were paracetamol, diclofenac, aspirin and codeine. Promoting appropriate health-seeking behaviour and encouraging the rational use of analgesics are critical steps to prevent the impending rise in side-effects associated with analgesic use, also there is an urgent need to raise awareness and enhance the knowledge of farmers within the community regarding the potential side effects of analgesic use.
Personalised Cancer Treatment: The Era of Precision Oncology - A Comprehensive Review
Personalised cancer treatment, also known as precision oncology, represents a paradigm shift from conventional “one- size-fits-all” cancer therapy towards an approach guided by the unique genetic, molecular, and environmental characteristics of each patient and tumour. Advances in genomics, molecular diagnostics, and bioinformatics have enabled targeted and immune-based therapies that significantly improve outcomes and reduce toxicity.This study was therefore set up to provide a comprehensive review of the principles, clinical applications, current challenges, and future directions of personalized cancer treatment in the era of precision oncology. Relevant peer-reviewed literature published in the past decade (2015–2025) was reviewed from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Emphasis was placed on studies exploring molecular biomarkers, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics across various cancer types. The study found that the integration of molecular profiling and targeted therapeutics has transformed cancer management, with substantial clinical benefits in malignancies such as breast, lung, colorectal, and melanoma. Emerging technologies—including next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence enhance diagnosis, treatment selection, and real-time disease monitoring. However, challenges persist in accessibility, cost, ethical regulation, and tumour heterogeneity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Precision oncology has indeed shown to redefine cancer care, enabling therapies tailored to individual molecular and clinical profiles. Broader implementation requires equitable access to molecular diagnostics, multidisciplinary collaboration, and integration of AI-driven decision tools to realise the full promise of personalised medicine globally.
Biomarkers Beyond Colonoscopy: A Review of Stool and Blood Tools for Colorectal Cancer Management
Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection, but its invasiveness, cost, and limited accessibility highlight the need for non-invasive biomarkers. To evaluate stool- and blood-based biomarkers as tools for CRC screening, surveillance, and disease monitoring, comparing their diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility, and limitations. A narrative review of recent evidence (2014–2024) on stool (FIT, multitarget DNA) and blood-based biomarkers (SEPT9, circulating tumour DNA, multi-analyte assays) was conducted, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and real-world application. FIT demonstrates high specificity but modest sensitivity for advanced adenomas. Multitarget stool DNA improves sensitivity for CRC but at the expense of specificity. Blood-based assays, including SEPT9 methylation and ctDNA, show utility in non-invasive detection, minimal residual disease monitoring, and relapse prediction. However, challenges include cost, variability across populations, and infrastructural requirements. Stool- and blood-based biomarkers represent valuable adjuncts to colonoscopy, offering scalable, patient-friendly options for CRC management. Future directions include multi-omics platforms, artificial intelligence integration, and strategies to enhance accessibility in low-resource settings.
Prevalence and Outcome of Neonatal Sepsis at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi
Sepsis is a major global health threat with a high incidence and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. Infections in the newborn used to be the 3rd leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria, but recent surveys have shown that it is becoming a leading cause of mortality in newborns. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and outcomes of neonatal sepsis at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to August 2025, involving neonates presenting with symptoms suggestive of neonatal sepsis. Data was collected using an interviewer- administered questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS version 23. A total of 150 neonates were recruited, with a mean birth weight of 2.26±0.81kg. Of the 150 neonates, 52 (34.7%) were in-born neonates, while 98(65.3%) were out- born. The most frequently reported neonatal clinical features were: fever 81 (54.0%), fast breathing 53(35.3%), refusal to feed 34(22.7%), foetal distress 25 (16.7%), APGAR score <7, 23 (15.3%), hypothermia 21(14.0%), respectively. Seventy-four (49.3%) neonates had positive blood culture, with a prevalence of 49.3%. A total of 114 (76.0%) neonates were managed and discharged, while mortality occurred in 26 (17.3%). Neonatal sepsis remains a significant cause of preventable mortality that requires continual surveillance to achieve a reduction in line with the SDG 3.2 goal.
Non-Invasive Stool- and Blood-Based Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Emerging Alternatives
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for screening, but its invasiveness, cost, and limited acceptance highlight the need for non-invasive alternatives. Stool- and blood-based biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for early detection, surveillance, and minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring. This review evaluates the current evidence on stool- and blood-based biomarkers for CRC, focusing on their diagnostic performance, clinical utility, challenges, and future prospects in comparison with colonoscopy. A comprehensive review of recent literature (2010–2025) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies evaluating fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), multitarget stool DNA (mt-sDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), methylated SEPT9, protein biomarkers, and microRNAs were included, with emphasis on sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applications. FIT and mt-sDNA demonstrate sensitivities of 70–92% and specificities of 87–90% for CRC detection, though their effectiveness in identifying advanced adenomas is lower. Blood-based assays, particularly methylated SEPT9 and ctDNA, show moderate sensitivity (60–75%) but provide unique value in MRD detection and recurrence monitoring. Combination strategies integrating stool and blood biomarkers improve diagnostic yield. However, limitations include variability across populations, high cost, limited access in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and lack of assay standardization. Stool- and blood-based biomarkers are important complements to colonoscopy, enhancing CRC detection and surveillance while improving patient compliance. FIT remains the most cost-effective for large-scale screening, while ctDNA coupled with standardization and global accessibility efforts, could transform CRC prevention and management. Wider implementation of biomarkers in risk-stratified screening, investment in cost-effective approaches for LMICs, assay standardization, and adoption of multi-omics innovations are essential for equitable global CRC care.
Practice and Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ondo, South-Western Nigeria
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) offers enormous benefits for both babies and mothers, but it is often not practiced in most developing countries. This study evaluated breastfeeding practices, and determined the sociodemographic characteristics that influenced EBF among mothers attending infant welfare clinic (IWC) in University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UNIMEDTH), Ondo Nigeria. This study adopted a cross-sectional study design with structured questionnaires to collect data from 170 mothers with children aged 0–18months. Mothers attending IWC from January 2025 to June 2025 were selected through simple random sampling. Breastfeeding practices in the last 24hours prior to this study were assessed based on the definition by the World Health Organization. Sociodemographic characteristics, level of knowledge and practices of EBF were obtained from eligible mothers. There was a universal awareness and high level of knowledge of EBF among mothers, but the level of practice low (28.2%, n=48/170). Mothers aged <25years [aOR4.54; 95% (CI) 0.63, 1.83], aged 26-30 years [aOR4.01; 95%CI 0.76, 2.01], who had tertiary education [aOR5.56; 95%CI 0.84, 2.56], who are civil servants [aOR4.54; 95%CI 0.43, 1.23], and who had spontaneous vagina delivery [aOR6.51; 95%CI 2.13, 3.0] were more likely to breastfeed their infants exclusively. EBF and timely complementary feeding practices are suboptimal. Age, educational status, occupation, and mode of delivery of mothers strongly predicted maternal practice of EBF. Interventions emphasizing on practical education should therefore be targeted at addressing these factors.
Evaluation of the Role of the Family in the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS Among Youths in North-Western Nigeria, a Community Survey
Sexually active youths are increasingly at risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections with the family being the primary agent of socialization, it can exert a strong influence on youths' sexual behavior. Therefore, to aid in the design and implementation of effective prevention programs, it is important to understand the role of the family in influencing sexual behaviors among youths. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study with 133 youths drawn via a probability sampling method from Sabon-Gari LGA of Kaduna State using a self-administered questionnaire, data was entered and analyzed using the statistical packaged for social sciences (SPSS) now IBM statistics version 25, with summaries presented as frequency Tables, and charts where appropriate. Test of association between variables was done with those with p<0.05 taken as statistically significant. The results showed that parents' role in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS among youths include teaching of precautionary measures towards prevention of HIV/AIDS, abstinence, delay early onset of sexual activity, condom use, discouraging Youths from having multiple sexual partners as well as encouraging youths to visit counselling centers. It was observed that activities of the family have a significant influence on the practice of precautionary measures among respondents, with statistically significant association between family communication about HIV/AIDS prevention and abstinence (p<0.05), also occupation was found to be associated with awareness of HIV/AIDS (p=0.029). The family is an important agent of socialization; teaching norms, culture and traditions. it helps to model its members and make them fit for the society. Prevention programs that seek to educate youth about sexual risk behaviors most strongly encourage communication about HIV/AIDS between youths and the family members.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Haemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) estimation is both fundamental and vital for rating treatment efficacy beyond clinical outcomes. This study was therefore set up to evaluate the health-related quality of life among haemodialysis patients attending the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and identify associated factors. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 45 haemodialysis patients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Data were collected using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-36) Short Form questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 20. The majority of participants were females (57.8%) and married (84.4%). 68.9% of them had gone to college or university, and 64.4% were unemployed. The overall HRQOL was average to above average. Regular outpatient visits (p = 0.007), having health insurance (p = 0.003), and annual income were all critical factors that affected HRQOL. Physical functioning was most significantly affected, with 78% of respondents reporting work limitations due to physical health problems. While patients perceived their HRQOL as average or above average, underlying issues related to physical functioning, disease-related discomforts, and daily life impacts were evident. Basic and social support, healthcare access, and financial stability substantially impacted the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients undergoing haemodialysis.
Blood Donation Practices, Motivators, and Barriers in Nigeria: A Narrative Review
Achieving safe and adequate blood supply remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the majority of blood donations still originate from family replacement or commercial donors, exposing the system to safety and sustainability risks. Understanding the practices, motivators, and barriers to blood donation is critical for building a robust voluntary non-remunerated blood donation (VNRBD) system. This narrative review synthesizes peer- reviewed and grey literature from 2005–2024 focusing on Nigeria and related sub-Saharan contexts. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by reports from the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), WHO, and hospital records. Studies addressing donor characteristics, motivators, barriers, and programmatic interventions were reviewed and analyzed thematically. Blood donors in Nigeria are predominantly young males aged 20–40 years, with family replacement donors significantly outnumbering VNRBDs. Altruism, family obligation, and health check-ups were identified as key motivators, while barriers included fear of needles, cultural misconceptions, poor staff attitude, limited privacy, and logistical constraints. Interventions such as student-targeted campaigns, donor recognition programs, and mobile blood drives showed short-term improvements, but sustainability remains a challenge. Nigeria requires multi-faceted strategies to address donor misconceptions, improve donor care, and institutionalize VNRBD. Evidence highlights the importance of donor retention systems, iron supplementation,community engagement, and improved service delivery. Sustained investment and programmatic innovation arecrucial to meeting WHO recommendations for safe blood supply.
Cytogenetic and Molecular Abnormalities in Hematologic Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms,Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Advances
Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities are fundamental drivers of hematologic malignancies, shaping disease classification, prognosis, and therapeutic decision-making. Over the past two decades, advances in next-generation sequencing and precision medicine have substantially expanded our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying leukemia, lymphoma, and related disorders. To provide a comprehensive synthesis, a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature published between January 2000 and June 2025 was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included original research, systematic reviews, and meta- analyses reporting on cytogenetic and molecular mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic innovations in hematologic malignancies. Findings from this review highlight recurrent chromosomal abnormalities such as t(9;22) BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia, t(15;17) PML-RARA in acute promyelocytic leukemia, and del(17p)/TP53 mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia as pivotal prognostic and therapeutic markers. Molecular mutations including FLT3, NPM1, IDH1/2, and DNMT3A were consistently linked to poor or intermediate outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia, while MYD88 and EZH2 mutations were frequently observed in B-cell lymphomas. Diagnostic modalities such as fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR, and next-generation sequencing were shown to improve classification and treatment guidance. Importantly, targeted therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, FLT3 and IDH inhibitors, and epigenetic modulators have significantly transformed patient outcomes, although access and treatment resistance remain major barriers, especially in low-resource settings. This review underscores the need for molecularly informed diagnostic algorithms, wider integration of next-generation sequencing into standard care, and expanded access to targeted therapies. Strengthening laboratory infrastructure, establishing region-specific treatment guidelines, and enhancing equitable access to molecular testing and therapy are essential steps toward improving outcomes. Overall, cytogenetic and molecular profiling has redefined the management of hematologic malignancies, but disparities in access and the emergence of resistance highlight the importance of continued innovation, biomarker discovery, and personalized therapeutic strategies to achieve durable patient benefit.
Refractive Errors in Patients Attending Eye Clinic of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH) Kaduna, North-West, Nigeria
Refractive error is an important cause of visual impairment affecting all strata of life. In spite of available cost-effective means of correction, the uncorrected refractive error remains a major challenge because of the effects on productivity of the working-age and the education of the young. This study was set up to describe the pattern of refractive errors at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna Northwest Nigeria. This is a retrospective study of all consecutive patients who visited the eye department, seen by Ophthalmologists and refracted by Optometrists. Records of all these consecutive patients were retrieved between January 2010 and April 2021, such as patient's Name, Age, Hospital number, Entry Visual Acuity (EVA), Refraction, Corrected Visual Acuity (CVA), Near Acuity (NA) as well as diagnosis made by the Ophthalmologist. These variables were transferred into a proforma and then analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. There were 4,640 eyes of 2,888 people, comprising of 1,114 males (38.6%) and 1,774 females (61.4%), with mean age of 43.8 (4-90) years. Myopia occurred in 1,574(33.9%) eyes, maximum was -13D, hypermetropia in 1,964(42.3%) maximum was +4D in naturally occurring and +16D in aphakic and astigmatism in 480(10.4%). Astigmatism consisted of 291(60.6%) myopia, 59(12.3%) hypermetropia and 130(27.1%) mixed. With the rule (WTR) was more in ages greater than 35 and against the rule (ATR) in the young. Most eyes at presentation had Moderate visual impairment VA ≥ 6/18 and the proportion that achieved normal vision ≥ 6/6 increased from 1,134(24.4%) to 3,818(82.3%) with refraction. The presbyopic correction was carried out on 1,423(49.27%) of the people. The most recurrent was 1.5D and ranged was 1.00D-3.25D. Refractive errors constituted a major burden of visual impairment in our facility and glasses provided satisfactory results in most of them.
Urinary Tract Infection in Symptomatic Benign Prostate Enlargement: Prevalence, Bacteria profile and Antibiotic susceptibility
The clinical morbidity of urinary tract infection on a background of surgical disease is enormous. This may include urosepsis, renal scarring and renal failure. This does not exclude the financial burden that may be incurred in the management of these cases. Therefore, determining the epidemiological pattern of this clinical condition is invaluable to medical practices in our environment. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence, bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in symptomatic benign prostate enlargement This was a hospital based retrospective observational study that was conducted over a period of one year. The case notes of patients that were managed for benign prostate enlargement between July 2024 and June 2025 were retrieved from medical record department of our institution. The information extracted from the case note includes age of the patients, urine microscopy, culture and sensitivity including method of urine sample collection at presentation, history of antibiotic intake and urethral catheterization prior presentation, previous history of urinary tract infection and previous history of urethral instrumentation. Patients with benign prostate enlargement with complete urine m/c/s results were recruited into the study while patients with previous history of UTI, history of antibiotic intake and on an indwelling urethral catheter at presentation were excluded from the study. Prevalence, bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Out of the number of patients that were managed for symptomatic benign prostate enlargement over the period of review, a total of 46 patients fulfilled the recruitment criteria and they were recruited into the study. The age distribution of the study group showed a range of 43-88 years with mean of 62.5+/ 129sd. The period prevalence of urinary sepsis in this study was 47.8%. Six species of micro-organism were cultured and the most common was Escherichia coli (8, 36.3). Culture sensitivity pattern was done against some antibiotics. The most common sensitive antibiotics were imipenem (9, 40.9%), amikacin (8, 36.3%) Ciprofloxacin (6, 27.2%) and Nitrofurantoin (7, 31.8%)The prevalence of urinary tract infection in BPH patients in our environment was 47.8% and the most commonly involved bacteria was Escherichia coli with imipenem being the most commonly sensitive antibiotic.
Prevalence and Associated Clinical Factors with Hepatitis B, C,and HIV Infections among Sickle Cell Disease Patients: Evidence from a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent genetic disorder in sub-Saharan Africa, with Nigeria bearing the highest burden. The chronic nature of SCD necessitates frequent medical interventions, including blood transfusions, which heighten the risk of transfusion-transmissible infections like hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite regional data on HBV prevalence among SCD patients in Nigeria, there is limited information from northern regions such as Zaria. The study assessed the prevalence of hepatitis B and C, and HIV, and also assessed its association with clinical variables including blood transfusion, bone pain crises, and hospitalization among SCD patients in Zaria. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary health facility in Zaria. A total of 311 SCD patients were enrolled across paediatric, adolescent, and adult age groups. Clinical and demographic data were obtained through structured questionnaires and medical records. Serum samples were screened for HBsAg, HCV and HIV antibodies using rapid diagnostic kits. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p < 0.05. The median age of participants was 17 years; 65% were female, and 92.9% had HbSS genotype. Only 269 participants submitted samples for screening for HBsAg (5/269 were positive), although the sample size is 311, while all participants tested negative for HCV and HIV. No statistically significant associations were found between HBsAg status and history of blood transfusion (OR: 1.186; p = 0.593), frequency of bone pain crises (OR: 0.977; p = 0.355), or hospitalization (OR: 1.190; p = 0.608). In conclusion, the low HBsAg prevalence and absence of HCV and HIV seropositivity among SCD patients in Zaria may suggest improvements in transfusion safety, vaccination uptake, and infection control. Continued surveillance, enhanced preventive strategies are recommended to sustain these gains
Integrating Genetic Literacy with Religious and Cultural Beliefs to Address Sickle Cell Disease Misconceptions in Africa: Findings from Selected Literature
Sickle cell disease (SCD) remains a pervasive public health challenge across Africa, where cultural and religious narratives often attribute the condition to spiritual misfortune or divine judgment. Terms such as “Sikila” (Hausa), “Ahotutuo” (Ashanti), “Abiku” (Yoruba), and “Ogbanje” (Igbo) illustrate how language embeds misconceptions, reinforcing stigma and deterring medical intervention. The aim of this study is to examine how integrating genetic literacy with religious and cultural belief systems can effectively address misconceptions, reduce stigma, and improve understanding of sickle cell disease among communities in Africa. This study adopts a qualitative synthesis approach to examine the intersections of language, religion, and health in shaping understandings of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Nigeria and Ghana. Peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar, supplemented with community-based reports and grey literature, including health ministry publications and NGO reports from Nigeria and Ghana. Cultural and religious interpretations shape perceptions of sickle cell disease (SCD) across West Africa, with terms like Sikila, Abiku, Ogbanje, and Ahotutuo reinforcing stigma and spiritual explanations. Christian and Islamic teachings often foster fatalistic attitudes but can also support compassion and healing. Recent studies show newborn screening is culturally acceptable, while genetic literacy improves counseling. Faith-anchored education, linguistic reframing, and community outreach offer promising strategies for reducing stigma and improving SCD management. Misconceptions about SCD in Africa rooted in cultural terms such as “Abiku”, “Ogbanje”, “Sikila”, and “Ahotutuo”, and in religious interpretations of illness perpetuate stigma and obstruct prevention. However, integrating genetic literacy into religious and cultural frameworks would creates a powerful pathway for change